|
jump, rise, raise, fall
sink, plunge, plummet come down, lower drop, sink
|
CHANGE
|
|
|
|
Importance/Status
= Up
|
rise, climb, come down
|
CHANGE
|
|
|
|
Happy
= Up
|
fall, sink, lift
|
FEELING
|
|
|
|
Activity/Process
= Movement forward
|
push, prod
|
ACTION
|
|
Personification
|
|
Emotion
= Sense expression
|
shake, tremble, shiver
shudder, quiver
|
FEELING
|
|
|
|
Idea
= Human
|
slip, escape
|
COGNITION
|
|
|
|
Body
part = Human
|
fall, sink
|
FEELING
|
Following Goatly
(1997), the metaphorization of abstract entities can obtain through a process
of reification or personification. Reifying metaphors fall into three
categories:
(i) Concretizing
metaphors, which codify the representation of abstract entities as objects or
cloth/clothes (first row).
(ii) Orientational
metaphors, i.e. equations linked to the notion of place/space (second row).
(iii) Metaphors
related to the notion of orientation. Abstract concepts such as health, pitch, happiness, amount and rank are seen as entities on a vertical axis (up/down)5.
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