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Continued

		1500-1200 BC			1100-800 BC	0-300 AD		since 900 AD
	The beginning of the pure philosophical formulation of idealistic and realistic systems	Upanishads			Great pre- So      cratics	Byzantine, Hebrew, Syrian, Coptic, Persian literature of (VI-VII centuries)		Galileo, Bacon, Descartes, Leibniz (XVI - XVII centuries)
	The creation of a new mathematics. The conception of a number as the reflection of the sense of the world form	lost			Number as measure. Pythagor (540 BC)	Indefinite number. Algebra		Number as function. Descartes, Pascal, Fermat (1030)
			Traces in the Upanishads		Pythagorean union	Mohammed (622 AD), the Paulicians, the iconoclasts	English Puritans (1620), French Jansenists (1640)
Autumn Intellectuals of big towns. The culmination of strictly intellectual creativity
«Enlighten-ment»: the faith in the omnipotence of intellect, the cult of «nature». «Reasonable religion»				The Sutra, Buddha	the Sophists, Socrates	Sufism	Locke, Voltaire, Rousseau
The culmination of the mathematical thinking. The enlightenment of the world of number forms				Null as a number	Eudox (conic section)	Number theory, trigonometry	Euler (1783), Laplace (1827)

Continued

		1500-1200 BC		1100-800 BC	0-300 AD		since 900 AD
The great concluding systems
of idealism:			Yoga, Vedanta	Platon	Al-Farabi	Goethe, Schelling
of epistemology:			Nyaa	Aristotle	Avicenna	Hegel, Kant, Fichte
Winter The beginning of outward-looking civilization. The dying of the spiritual creative power. The very life is becoming problematic
The materialistic view of the world: the cult of science, profit, happiness			Sankhaya, Charvaka	the Cynics	Epicurean sects of the Abbasids’ epoch	Bentham, O.Comte, Darwin, Spencer, Marx
Ethico-social ideals of life: the epoch of «philosophy without mathematics»			Currents of Buddha epoch	Hellenism	Currents in the Islam	Schopenhauer, Nietzsche
The inner completion of the mathematic world of forms. The concluding thoughts			lost	Archimedes	Al-Khoresmi, Al-Biruni	Gauss, Riemann (1866)
The decline in abstract thinking up to the professionally-scientific cathedra-philosophy			«Six classic systems»	Academy	Schools of Baghdad and Basra	Comteans
The spread of the last outlook			Indian Buddhism	Hellenistical- Roman Stoicism	Practical Islamic fatalism	Ethical socialism

Then O. Spengler presents the tables of the «simultaneous» art epochs and «simultaneous» political epochs.

The division of large historical periods into periods is presented in the book by N. A. Chmykhov[56]. For example, the duration of a historical epoch is approximately 532 years. In the context of the offered system of periodization, the contemporary epoch began approximately in 419 AD and will continue till 2015. It is conventionally divided into three 532-periods: 419-951 (the early feudalism), 951-1483 (the developed feudalism), 1483-2015 (the modern time).

The content of the historical process is opened through the 133-year half-stages: 419-552 AD, the migratory processes in Europe, making the lands, invaded by the Barbarians, to be habitable; the first signs of feudalism; 552-685 AD – the victory of the feudalist relations, the disappearance of the signs of the early iron epoch; 685-818 – the consolidation processes, the completion of the main migrations; 818-951 – the early feudalist society; 951-1084 – the transition to the feudalist disunity; 1084-1217 – the peak of the feudalist disunity; 1217-1350 – the transition to centralization; 1350-1483 – the establishment of centralized feudalist societies; 1483-1616 – the origin of «capitalist» relations; 1616-1749 – the coming of capitalism; 1749-1882 – the transformation of capitalism into the power acting throughout the world; 1882-2015 – the blossom and the crisis of the contemporary epoch. Despite the immanent controversy, the existing systems of periodization give «beacons» that help to continue the work.

CHAPTER 6

Periodization of the world history
in the light of a new conceptual construction: global (macro) level of analisys
and prognosis.

Let us return to the problem of definition of hypothetical periodization of the w-orld’s historical process according to the conception of the research. The assumed chronological frames may constitute up to 5000 years, i.e., from 3000 BC to 2000 AD.

It is natural that the subject of historical activity will change during this period of history, but the approach to three levels of analysis should remain unchanged. These levels are: the global level that must reflect a change of epochs at the level of civilizations; the regional level (continents and their most important territorial parts), and specific countries. The problem of the co-existence of the state and the society, the interaction of the individual (including the most prominent historical personalities) and the society – should be at the focus of attention.

The revolutionary period of the first epochal cycle characterizes the emergence of the first civilizations (Egypt, Mesopotamia, India, China), which is connected with the establishment of the counting of (astronomical) time. Let us cite the most prominent «eras». The 1st January 4713 BC is the beginning of Scaliger’s era, whence the uninterrupted counting of days is conducted. 3761 BC is the creation of the world according to the Hebrew calendar. The creation of the man is referred to 3113 BC by the Maya. The emergence of the most ancient (archeological) cultures is chronologically referred approximately to the same period. For example, they are the Trypillya culture (near 4000 BC), Mohenjo-Daro (India), Chatal Huyuk (Asia Minor), the first agricultural cultures in Mexico. The origin of the civilizations in Mesopotamia (Uruk) and Egypt (3000-2800 BC) (The Ancient Kingdom), the epoch of building the Pyramids, the sources of the Chinese civilization (the first legendary emperor Fu Hsi) – all this is referred to the involutionary stage of the first epochal cycle.

The transition to the co-evolutionary stage of development is connected with the processes of territorial unification (Sargon I the Accadian united all Mesopotamian territories). In Sumer near 2000 BC, punishments according to the principle of Taleon (eye for eye) are replaced by a ransom.

The mosaic migrations of ethnoses stimulated changes in the balance of force at the regional level. The Chaldean kingdom is the hegemon in the Interfluve. The Laws of Hammurapi (1750 BC). The strengthening of the Hittites. Near 1750 BC – the split of Egypt (The Upper and the Lower by the unification of nomes on the Nile). The processes of unification in China (near 1766 BC – the victory of Shan tribes over the Sia ones). The appearance of Shan-In dynasty. Social restoration processes take place in Crete (the Minoan civilization) (1700-1400 BC – the period of the «new castles»).

A growth of fight between the most ancient civilization centers of the Mediterranean region and Asia Minor for hegemony is connected with the evolutionary period of the epochal cycle. 1580-1314 BC – Egypt – the 18th dynasty – Yakhmosis I, Tuthmosis III – 15 invasive campaigns of the Pharaoh to Palestine, that turned Egypt into the «world’s state», Akhenaten (the reformator of religion, the idea of monotheism – Aten, the God of Sun). The blossom of Mycenae. The fight of Egypt against the Hittites. The beginning of migration of Aryan tribes to India. The Trojan War (13th century BC). The first epochal cycle of the world’s historic process terminated approximately at this time. The formation and struggle of ancient centers of civilization became the content of this cycle. (30-13th centuries BC).

The second epochal cycle begins with the revolutionary stage, connected with the following historical events. The political decline of Babylon (XI-VIII centuries BC), the fall of the Mycenaean civilization, the geopolitical changes in Mesopotamia. The struggle of Egypt with the «sea nations». The Western and Eastern Chou (China). The involutionary stage of the cycle is connected with the beginning of the decline of the Israelite kingdom (after David and Solomon) (935 BC) and with the imperialistic policy of Assyria in the Interfluve. The social-innovative activity at the co-evolutionary stage of the cycle is connected with nearly simultaneous important events. 770-481 BC – the period of «Spring and Autumn», connected with the intensification of fight for hegemony between the leading Chinese kingdoms, 776 BC – the traditional date of conducting the First Greek Olympics, and 753 BC – the date of the foundation of Rome. Meantime, Assyria continued the war for preserving the invaded territories in Asia Minor, which was particularly successful during the rule of Sargon II (722-705 BC).

The evolutionary stage within this cycle is connected with important changes both in the spiritual sphere (Karl Jaspers called VIII-VI centuries BC as the «axial time») and in the sociopolitical sphere. India: Upanishads. China: Taoism. Persia: Zoroastrism. Avesta. Near 664-525 BC – The Later kingdom of Egypt. Saiss dynasty. Japan: 660 BC – the official date of appearance of the Yamato dynasty. 594 BC – the reforms of Solon in Athens, new principles of the polis structure, differentiated from the Asian tradition of a state structure. 612 AD – the downfall of Assyria. Thus, the second epochal cycle had the chronological duration of about 600 years (XII-VI centuries BC).

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