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I was a great pleasure to meet you during my visit to Athens in July.

Taking the chance of going to Greece I would greatly appreciate if you could find a few minutes in your dense business schedule and meet me and discuss the issues of mutual interest.

Thank you in advance for your kind cooperation and assistance.

Looking forward to meeting you, I remain

Sincerely yours

Gennady Bogachev
Deputy Minister

Task III. Conversation on the topic of your thesis

аспирантура (канд. экз.)

Экзаменационный билет (на 2 листах) по дисциплине английский язык

(специальность: международное право; европейское право)

БИЛЕТ №3

Task I. Translate from English into Russian in writing using a dictionary.
Your time is 45 minutes
At present, only Germany and Portugal have a coherent group law, while other states make do with a few isolated rules scattered in their national company laws. The draft will define when a group exists. The decisive factor in this will be the parent company's controlling influence in law or de facto. Based on the German model, the draft will also state that dominance agreements must be drawn up between the parent company and the subsidiary, whereby the parent company directly takes over the management of the subsidiary. The 'price' for this is to be a closely defined indemnification of the subsidiary's minority shareholders and creditors. It is regrettable that it has proved impossible so far to establish a uniform group law in the Union, because the uncertainty surrounding the state of law for a transnational group is considerable. Development in European group law is virtually at a standstill, and many would welcome the adoption of the Ninth Directive, perhaps in yet another, even simpler form. Until then, group law will continue to develop in an ad hoc manner.
It is, however, an interesting aspect of this development that in its case law, the European Court has undertaken a de facto further development of group law albeit only in certain areas. One of the core questions of group law that national and/or Community law provisions ought to decide is the extent to which the group has a right, or perhaps an obligation, to be considered as an entity. This means that the plurality of legal persons making up the group will be deemed to be one with regard to rights and obligations. In a number of situations, the core area of group law is the important factor when looking at whether the group should be treated as an entity or as a plurality. Subsequently, the choice arises between separate or joint treatment of the group's legal persons. In this area, the Court has demonstrated a flexibility and a will to develop which is scarcely evident in national legislators. I shall mention only a couple of examples from the Court's work.
Clearly the dominant principle within group law, as a branch of company law, is that the individual group company is deemed to be an independent entity with regard to both rights and obligations. Group companies are not liable for one another, no set-offs are allowed between one company's trade debtors and another company's debts, etc. This principle is no obstacle, of course, to the individual group companies accepting liabilities or financial guarantees for one another.

European Business Law Review. September/October, 1998

Task II. Translate the letter from English into Russian without a dictionary. Your time is 5-7 minutes
To: Mr Joe Smith
Director General
Fair Trade Commission
USA

Re: New Informational and Communication Technologies. Review and
Perspectives

20 August 1999

Dear Mr Smith

We have the pleasure to invite you to participate in the International
Conference
" New Informational and Communication Technologies. Review and
Perspectives".

This high-level International Conference will take place in London, 8-9
November 1999. It will host participants from competition authorities representing foreign and international organizations, governmental, academic and business circles.

The working languages of the Conference are English and French.

We would highly appreciate your participation in this event.

For further details please contact Ms Johnston (tel.: 456 899 01)

William Brandt, Minister

Task III. Conversation on the topic of your thesis

аспирантура (канд. экз.)

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