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(b) Training fellowships

Marie Curie fellowships are either fellowships, where individual researchers apply directly to the Commission, or host fellowships, where institutions apply to host a number of researchers (financial participation: maximum of 100 % of the additional eligible costs necessary for the action[vii]). See Box 2.
The decisions on the specific programmes may define specific sub types of actions for example: the programme “Confirming the international role of
Community research” – INCO 2 - defines bursaries for young researchers from developing countries and other bursaries for researchers from the EU Member
States or Associated States as specific training fellowships. See Box 1.

(c) Research training networks and thematic networks

- Training networks for promoting training-through-research especially of researchers at pre-doctoral and at post-doctoral level (these are only implemented under the IHP Programme) - and thematic networks for bringing together e.g. manufacturers, users, universities, research centres around a given S&T objective. These include co-ordination networks between Community funded projects. Support will cover maximum 100% of eligible costs necessary for setting up and maintaining such networks.

(d) Concerted actions

Actions co-ordinating RTD projects already in receipt of national funding, for example to exchange experiences, to reach a critical mass, to disseminate results etc. (financial participation: maximum of 100 % of the eligible costs necessary for the action).

(e) Accompanying measures

Actions contributing to the implementation of a Specific Programme or the preparation of future activities of the programme. They will also seek to prepare for or to support other indirect RTD actions (financial participation: maximum of 100 % of total eligible costs).
Each Specific Programme will not necessarily open all the above mentioned types of actions in all calls. Please refer to sections II and Part 2 of this Guide to see which actions are called for in the different programmes and calls.

I.3.3 Clusters

The cluster is a defined group of RTD projects. Its aim is to guarantee complementarity among projects, to maximise European added value within a given field and to establish a critical mass of resources at the European level.
An integrated approach towards research fields and projects financed is needed to solve complex multidisciplinary problems effectively. The clusters reflect this problem-solving approach. Indeed, in a cluster projects are joined together because they complement each other in addressing major objectives in the context of a key action or a generic activity (sometimes even across different key actions or specific programmes). Clusters are expected to optimise scientific networking, management, co-ordination, monitoring, the exchange of information and, on voluntary basis, the exploitation and dissemination activities. The cluster may thus become a natural process to generate European added value, wherever it makes sense, beyond the limited resources of an isolated project.
All types of projects can be assembled and integrated within a cluster, including those funded by different EU RTD activities (key action, generic activity, infrastructure). By the same token, and as part of an overall
European approach, relevant activities under other research frameworks
(notably EUREKA, COST) could also be taken into account whenever this can reinforce synergy. Clusters will be set up through thematic networks or complementary clauses.

I.3.4. Gender equal opportunities

In line with the Commission’s strategic approach of mainstreaming equal opportunities in all Union policies, particular account is taken in the
Fifth Framework Programme of the need to promote the participation of women in the fields of research and technological development. Therefore women are encouraged to participate in proposals for the above mentioned RTD activities.

Box 1 - Bursaries for young researchers from Developing Countries

When preparing a joint research proposal1 or concerted action proposal for submission to any of the programmes, a consortium may, if it wishes, include an application for an international co-operation training bursary2.
These bursaries will be funded from the budget of the Specific Programme
‘Confirming the International Role of Community Research’ and are intended to allow young researchers from Developing Countries, including Emerging
Economies and Mediterranean Partner Countries3 to work for up to 6 months in a European research institute participating in a FP-5 project. The bursaries will be granted for training activities only (e.g. to allow the applicant to learn a new scientific technique or for work on a particular experiment or set of experiments where the host institution has particular expertise and which cannot be performed in the home institution of the candidate).

The bursary application must be submitted together with the proposal application and will be evaluated together with it. Spontaneous, individual bursary applications will not be accepted. Inclusion of a bursary application will neither enhance nor detract from the chances of success of the proposal. Only if the whole proposal is selected for funding and the bursary application is highly rated, will the bursary be granted. A poor bursary application can be rejected without harming the chances of success of the proposal.

In order to be eligible, the bursary applicant must not be more than 40 years of age at the time of application, must be a national of one of the eligible countries3 and be established and working in that country and intending to return there at the end of the training period. She/he must also have a good knowledge of a working language of the host institute.
Applications from female researchers are encouraged.

The host institute must be established in an EU Member State or in a State
Associated to FP-54 and must be a member of the consortium proposing the research project or concerted action.

Eligible bursary applications will be evaluated according to the excellence of the scientific and/or training objectives of the application, its potential value to the applicant and his/her institute and to the project as a whole, as well as the experience and professional training of the candidate.

The 6 month training period may start at any time up to 12 months from the
Commission signature of the main project contract. A fixed sum will be granted to cover the cost of one (apex) return fare from the place of origin of the candidate to the host institute, and a daily allowance for the duration of the training period (based on the rates for Marie Curie
Fellowships, see the corresponding brochure for applicants).

1 Research and Technological Development projects, Demonstration projects and Combined projects (see point I.3.2.a)
2 Application forms can be downloaded from the CORDIS web site page
(http://www.cordis.lu/fp5) for the Calls to which you reply, or ordered from the Programmes’ information desk.
3 Developing countries are: African, Caribbean, Pacific (ACP) countries,
Asian and Latin American (ALA) countries, Mediterranean countries (MC).
4 For the list of Associated States, see box 4.

Box 2 – The System of Marie Curie Fellowships

| |
|As described below, there are two types of application for a Marie Curie|
|Fellowship: individual fellowships, where individual researchers apply |
|to the Commission for a fellowship; and host fellowships, where |
|institutions apply to the Commission to host a number of researchers. |
| |
|Individual Fellowships: |
| |
|Marie Curie Individual Fellowships |
|Fellowships for young researchers at post-doctoral level or equivalent |
| |
|Marie Curie Return Fellowships |
|Fellowships for Marie Curie Fellows, originating from a less-favoured |
|region, to return to a less favoured region of their home country after |
|their initial two year post-doctoral fellowship |
| |
|Marie Curie Experienced Researchers Fellowships |
|Fellowships for experienced researchers: for the transfer of expertise |
|and technology between (i) industry and academia and (ii) towards |
|less-favoured regions of the European Community. |
| |
| |
|Host Fellowships: |
| |
|Stays at Marie Curie Training Sites |
|Giving young researchers pursuing doctoral studies the opportunity to |
|spend part of their studies within an internationally recognised group, |
|in their specialised area of research. |
| |
|Marie Curie Development Host Fellowships |
|Fellowships for institutions located in less-favoured regions, which are|
|active in research and have a need to develop new areas of research |
|competence, to host post-doctoral level researchers in the area of |
|competence required. |
| |
|Marie Curie Industry Host Fellowships |
|Awarded to enterprises, including SMEs, for the training of young |
|researchers, at postgraduate and post-doctoral level, in an industrial |
|or commercial environment. These fellowships particularly aim at |
|providing research training opportunities for young researchers without |
|any previous industrial experience. |
| |
|Further information on the system of Marie Curie Fellowships and |
|application forms may be obtained from its web site |
|(http://www.cordis.lu/improving/home.html) or from the IHP Programme’s |
|information desk. |

II. The Specific Programme: Quality of Life and Management of Living
Resources

II.1. Programme objectives

Economic and political developments in Europe have resulted in greater prosperity, increased life expectancy and better working conditions. These improvements have, however, been accompanied by challenges, such as higher health-care costs, an ageing population, environmental degradation and heightened ethical concerns. A gap has become increasingly evident between the availability of natural resources and human activities. Paradoxically, this has occurred just as there is an "explosion" in the knowledge base concerning the structure and function of all living things, pointing towards new developments in, for example, health-care, pharmaceuticals, agriculture and food.
This programme aims to unlock the resources of the living world and improve the quality of life. To achieve this, the links between discovery, production and end-use must be consolidated. The needs of society and the requirements of the consumer are paramount and research must lead to quantifiable future wealth and job creation, while respecting the principles of sustainable development.

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