Предыдущая страница реферата | 2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  10  11  12 | Следующая страница реферата

In LDELC they use the label taboo to denote such a group of words to show limitations on use. sl -this label denotes a group of words inventive & often colourful items generally used in a very informal spoken context. Such an item usually belongs to or originate in the language of a particular social or occupation group (e.g. soldiers, nurses, prisoner s).

In LDELC this label has practically the same meaning but is found in the other group of labels which deals with the situations and often this label is used with the label taboo infml - denotes informal words & meanings, i.e. those indicating a close personal relationship & an unofficial occasion or getting fml - denotes formal words & meanings , i.e. those chosen when speaking or writing in a serious or an official context to someone who is not a close friend or relation. These labels are grouped together with the label sl in LDELC. rhet - rhetorical items are associated with writing or speech on seri ous or elevated themes, especially on very formal occasions. the use of such words elsewhere suggests a self-consciously pompous speaker or writer.

There is no such a label in LDELC, but this very label juxtapose with the label rhet in LERD & ERD. Thus we may infer that this group of labels denote the words belonging to practically all the layers of the word-stock of the English Language.(Appendix IV,VI).

4. Evaluation, labels denoting a particular attitude towards the person, thing or action referred to. derog - that one desapprovse of or scorns the person or thing referred to or described by those. approv - the opposite of derogatory ones, they suggest approval of or admiration for the thing or person referred to or described. offensive - words to address or refer to people usually with the delibarate intention of their race or religion euph - to refer to something unpleasant or painful in a pleasant
(because more indirect) way.

In LDELC the label derog is opposed to the label apprec & there is no such a label as approv . The label offensive is not presented in this dictionary. iron - the label denotes words that are intended to convey a sense opposite to the apparent sense. fig - a figurative sense of a word is a non -literal (often metaforical) sense which can be related by native speakers to an original in the past, but it is no longer perceived, the label is not u sed.

The label iron is not given in LDELC, the label fig though represented in this dictionary, is not considered as the stylistical one. joc - label, denoting words which are considered to be funny, whethergrim or innocent humor is meant. This label is close to humor LDELC though they are still different, sexsist - label denotes words that express (sometimes uncontious) discriminatory or patronizing attitude towards someone of the opposite sex. They are almost always words used by men about or to women & can be used to express approval in a man-to-man context

Thi s label is rather new and modern and it is connected with the woman's movement. In LDELC this label is absent.

5. Technical fields - words & meanings which are normaly confined to technical use botany chemistry architecture law physics medical art anat my cinema or TV grammar computing music

The terms covering the technical fields are more wildely represented in
OALED than in LDELC. In LDELC we find the labels law, med, naut, tech, denoting the technical fields & belonging to the group, which shows special fields or subjects. The label tech covers all the labels which are not represented in LDELC, but are widly used in OALED.

If the classifications of labels in LDELC & OALED are close to each other somehow, we can't say the same of WNCD. This Dictionary differentiate three types of status labels. They are temporal, regional & stylistic. The stylistic labels are con sidered here as a signal that a word or a sense of a word is not part of the standard vocabulary of English
.(Appendix III)

1 . The temporal label obs - for obsolete - means that there i s no evidence of use since
1755. archaic - means that a word or sense once in common use is found today only sporadically or in special contexts. The label obs is not used neither in LDELC nor in OALED.

Galperin I.R. gives the following definition of the word obsolete - is a group of archaic words that have already gone completely out of use bu t are still recogni zed by the English -speaking community,

2. Regional labels denote words which are limited in use to a specif ic region of the US. The labels here correspond loosely to one of the areas defined in Hans Kurath's Word Geography of the Ea stern United States.
The adverb chiefly presents a label when the word has some currency outside the specified region & a double label is used to indicate considerable currency in each of two specific regions.

NewEng South chiefly North Southwest West Midland
Northaest.

Words current in all regions of the US have no labels.

A word or meaning limited in use to one of the other countries of the
English -speaking world has an appropriate regional label. It is explained by the fact that the Dictionary is based mainly on American English. chiefly Scot Irish Austr SoAfr Brit Canad. dial - this label belongs to this very group & indicates that the pattern of use of a word or a meaning is too complex for summary labeling, it usually includes several regional varieties of American English o r of
American & British English. dial Brit - indicates currency in several dialects of the British commonwealth; it indicates currency in one or more provincial dialects of
England.

3. Stylistic labels sl. - is used with words or meanings that are especially appropriate in contexts of extreme informality, that usually have a currency not limited to a particular region or area of interest, & that are composed typically of shortened forms or extravagant or facetious figures of speech. non-standard - is used for a few words or meanings that are dissaproved by many but that have some currency in reputable contexts. substandard — is used for those words or meanings that conform to a widespread pattern of usage that differs in choice of word or form f rom that of the prestige group of the community,

These labels given in WNCD differentiate two main groups of the word
-stock of the English Language (which were considered above). But they don't point out all the peculiarities of the word, its stylistical overtones.

In LDELC & OALED these two groups are represented by a number of specific labels which give a more exact description of the words peculiarities & usage. But at the same time there is "a subject label or guide phrase" that is used to indicate n the specific application of a word or meaning a criptology, a timepiece n denoting terms (technical field) usage, which is introdused by a lightface dash used as a direction in music usu considered vulgar usu used disparagingly n some usages are used in def initions. used as a Brit, title used esp. to express sudden pain.

Thus as we may see the WNCD'S treatment of stylistical notations is rather peculiar. Instead of the labels, accepted for example in LDELC &
OALED, explanaitory phrases or guides are used.

And though nonstandard & substandard labels include precticaly all the layers of the English Language, they don't cover all the stylistic peculiarities that may have a word or a meaning.

Different approaches to stylistic notations influences a great deal the understanding the exact information that this or that word carries.

The comparative analyses shows that differen t dictionaries give different labels (in some cases) to one & the same word.

E, g. prick - in LDELC this word is given as taboo, in OALED as !sl , in
WNCD as usu. considered vulgar, LE _RD as груб. , in ERD as груб. the weaker sex in LDELC it has the label pomp ., in OALED - dated sexiest & in the other dictionaries this word -group is not marked at all

In this case we may deal with the facts of new tendencies which are not registered yet in the older editions of the dictionaries. lovely is a very interesting case -in LDELC it is marked infml.,becoming rare, in OALED - infml sexist , in WNCD it is not marked at all, in LERD it ha s the label амер ., & in the others it is not marked either. nick - BrE infml, - LDELC

Рекомендуем скачать другие рефераты по теме: маркетинг реферат, реферат по математиці, бесплатно решебник.





Предыдущая страница реферата | 2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  10  11  12 | Следующая страница реферата