Стилистический компонент слова и его лексикографическое отражение
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But at the same time it should be mentioned that though practically in
all the dictionaries the stylistical notations (labels) are presented
according to the layers existed in the language, the treatment of the
stylistic notations by the authors of the dictionaries differs. There is no
single system of labels that would satisfy all the dictionaries & the
analyses of the stylistic notations in the six dictionaries confirm it.
(Appendix VII)
As it was considered already the LERD gives the styligtical notations
(labels) according to the stylistic classification of the word -stock of
the English Language. The ERD doesn't give any classification of the labels
that are used in it And ER&RED doesn't give any classification of the
labels either, All the English-English Dictionaries give the kinds of
classifications of stylistical notation according to the author's treatment
this stylistical phenomena.
LDELC represents the types of labels used in it in the following groups. (Apendix I)
1 . Labels showing region, denoting words which are limited to particular parts of the world.
ВrЕ.AmE СапЕ CarE IrE AustrE SafrE IndE&ParE NZE ScotE.
Here belong labels that denote words borrowed from other languages
(barbarisms, foreignisms): .
Fr Germ Jf Lat Sp
2. Labels showing special fields or subjects, denoting words that are used in certain fields of activity or certain types of writing , bibl — used mainly in the Bible law — legal term—used in contracts, courts of law lit - used mainly in literature med - medical term used by doctors, nurses etc. naut - nautical term - used by sailors poet - used mainly in poetry tech — technical term - used by specialists in various fields
As we can see the labels of this group include common literary vocabulary (terms) & special literal vocabulary ( Poetical words).
3. Labels showing situations in which words are used, denoting words which would only be suitable in certain types of situation. infml fml sl.
These labels deal with common literary vocabulary & common colloquial
vocabulary, & with a particular group of words which is considered to be
slang & which is difficult to juxtapose with any layer of the English
Language because of the uncertain definition of the term slang , LDELC
suggests the following definition:
SLANG - very informal, rarely used in writing , used especially in the private language of particular social groups.
Though we may consider slang as a layer of nonstandard (special colloquial vocabulary - non-literary) close to jargonisms & vulgarisms, professionalisms. Judging by Galperin's point of view this type is typical more of the English Language.
4. Labels showing time, denoting words which are no longer used in modem English (though they will be found in old books) & some of the words beginning to be used less often. old-fash - no longer common , used mainly by older people old use — no longer u sed rare or becoming rare — rarely used, or beginning to be used less often . This group of labels serve special literary vocabulary (mainly archaic)
5 . Labels showing attitude apprec. - shows that the speaker likes or approves of something derog — derogatory — shows that the speaker dislikes or disapproves of something euph - euphemistic - a polite or indirect word for something unpleasant or embarrassing humor — shows a joking or ironic attitude pomp - shows a foolishy self-important attitude
These labels mainly serve to identify positive or negative connotation of the word, that is why we may suppose that all these labels can be found both in common literary & common colloquial vocabularies, as well as in the group of nonstandard words.
6. Labels showing limitations on use dial — a word belonging to the local speech of a particular area nonstandard — a word regarded as incorrect by most educated speakers taboo — a very offensive word which should always be avoided tdmk - a trademark, whose use is officially controlled
These labels serve mainly special colloquial vocabulary the label nonstandard differs from the notion that the layer nonstandard has, because both dial and taboo belong to nonstandard, though from the other hand, from the educated point of view of the words with labels taboo & dial. may be regarded as incorrect. The label tdmk may be treated as a special term & thus may belong to common literary vocabulary. As the analyses shows the classification of the labels accepted in this dictionary is not exact and needs more consideration, though the labels themselves are quite suitable to show stytistical characterization & stylistical overtones.The variety of labels used in LDELC we shall consider farther in the third part.
OALED suggests a bit different grouping of the stylistic notations
(Appendix II)
1. Currency, labels denoting words which are not used or used by some older speaker s & some words that are found mainly in books written in the first half of thi s century: dated archaic.
2. Region, labels denoting words which restricted to one country or area
Brit US Scot S.African Austr NZ
Here belongs dial - the label that refers to words & meanings that are
restricted to particular regions of the British Isles not including
Scotland & Ireland. So this very dictionary uses the label dial mainly as
territorial characteristic of British Isles, though still belonging to
special colloquial vocabulary.
3. Register, labels denoting words which must be used with particular care because they reflect a special relatioship between the speakers or a special occasion or setting (which could vary from an official ceremony to a relaxed meeting between friends)
! - denotes words or meanings likely to be thought offencive or shocking or indecert. (though not necessarily by eveyone or on every occasion)
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